Q1.
Microorganisms can cause disease.
(a)     Draw one line from each disease to the correct description.
 
(3)
(b)     Gonorrhoea is a sexually transmitted disease.
A bacterium causes gonorrhoea.
What are the symptoms of gonorrhoea?
 
Tick two boxes.	 	
Headache		
Pain when urinating		
Rash		
Vomiting		
Yellow discharge		
(2)
(c)     The table below shows the number of people in the UK diagnosed with gonorrhoea in different years.
 
 	Number of people diagnosed 
with gonorrhoea in thousands	
Year	Female	Male	
2005	5.0	12.5	
2007	5.0	12.5	
2009	5.5	12.0	
2011	6.0	14.0	
2013	7.5	22.0	
Use the data in the table to complete the graph below.
•        The numbers for males have already been plotted.
•        Only some of the numbers for females have been plotted.
 
(3)
(d)     Describe the patterns in the numbers of males and females with gonorrhoea from 2005 to 2013.
Use the data in the graph.
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(3)
(e)     Gonorrhoea is treated with an antibiotic.
HIV is another sexually transmitted disease.
Explain why prescribing an antibiotic will not cure HIV.
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(2)
(Total 13 marks)
Q2.
Microorganisms cause infections.
The human body has many ways of defending itself against microorganisms.
(a)     Describe two ways the body prevents the entry of microorganisms.
1. _________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
2. _________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
(2)
(b)     In 2014 the Ebola virus killed almost 8000 people in Africa.
Drug companies have developed a new drug to treat Ebola.
Explain what testing must be done before this new drug can be used to treat people.
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(6)
(Total 8 marks)
Q3.
The MMR vaccine is used to protect against measles.
(a)     Apart from measles, which two other diseases does the MMR vaccine protect against?
___________________________ and ___________________________
(1)
(b)     Read the information.
 
Measles is a dangerous disease caused by a virus.
Normally, MMR vaccinations are given at 1 year old and again at 4 years old.
Each vaccination is 90% effective in protecting against the measles virus.

In April 2013, there were 630 cases of measles in children aged 4 and over in a small area of the UK. Of these cases, 504 children had not been vaccinated against MMR at all and only a few had been given a second vaccination.	
(i)      Calculate the percentage of the children who caught measles in April 2013 who had not been vaccinated against MMR.
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
Percentage = __________________________________________
(2)
(ii)     Suggest one advantage to the population as a whole of children having the second MMR vaccination.
______________________________________________________________
(1)
(c)     (i)      What does a vaccine contain?
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______________________________________________________________
(1)
(ii)     Explain how a vaccination prevents infection.
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(3)
(d)     (i)      Antibiotics can only be used to treat some infections.
Explain why antibiotics cannot be used to treat measles.
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______________________________________________________________
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(2)
(ii)     Why do antibiotics become less useful at treating an infection if the antibiotic is overused?
______________________________________________________________
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(1)
(Total 11 marks)

Mark schemes
Q1.
(a)     
 
each extra line negates a mark
4
(b)     pain when urinating
1
yellow discharge
1
(c)     three correct plots
allow 1 mark for two correct plots
2
correctly drawn line
1
(d)     any three from:
•        (fairly) level / steady up to 2009
allow numbers of males fall (slightly) and females rise (slightly) up to 2009
•        (there is a) rise after 2009
•        males are (always) higher than females
•        males rising faster than females
allow overall increase (from 2005 to 2013)
3
(e)     HIV is a virus
1
(and) antibiotics are only effective against bacteria
or
antibiotics do not kill viruses
allow viruses live inside cells
1
[13]
Q2.
(a)     any two from:
•        acid in the stomach kills pathogens in food
•        skin forms a barrier / produces antimicrobial secretions
•        hairs in the nose trap (particles which may contain) pathogens
•        trachea / bronchi has mucus which traps pathogens
         or
         bronchi have cilia which waft mucus to throat to be swallowed
2
(b)     Level 3 (5–6 marks):
A clear, logical and coherent answer, with no significant redundancy. The student understands the process and links this to reasons for clinical trials.
Level 2 (3–4 marks):
A partial answer with errors and ineffective reasoning or linkage.
Level 1 (1–2 marks):
One or two relevant points but little linkage of points or logical reasoning.
0 marks:
No relevant content.
Indicative content
•        pre-clinical trials of the new drug on cells / tissues / live animals
•        to test toxicity, dosage and efficacy
•        clinical trials / test on healthy volunteers and Ebola patients at very low doses
•        so that you can monitor for safety / side effects
•        and only then do trials to find the optimum dosage and test for efficacy
•        double blind trial / use of placebo
•        which does not contain the new drug
•        random allocation of Ebola patients to groups
•        so no one knows who has placebo / the new drug
•        peer review of data
•        to help prevent false claims
6
[8]
Q3.
(a)     mumps
in either order rubella / German measles
both needed for the mark
ignore measles unqualified
1
(b)     (i)      80(.0)
allow 1 mark for  or 0.8
2
(ii)     less chance of epidemic / pandemic
or
less chance of spread of disease / measles / mumps / rubella
allow idea of herd immunity (increased protection for those who are not vaccinated)
ignore less chance of getting the disease or to eradicate the disease
1
(c)     (i)      dead / inactive pathogens / viruses / bacteria
allow antigens / proteins from pathogens / viruses / bacteria
ignore microorganisms
1
(ii)     white blood cells produce antibodies
1
antibodies produced rapidly (on re-infection) or response rapid (on re-infection)
allow ecf if antibodies incorrectly identified in first marking point
1
these antibodies kill pathogens / viruses / bacteria
do not accept idea that original antibodies remain in blood and kill pathogens
1
(d)     (i)      antibiotics don’t kill viruses
allow antibiotics only kill bacteria
1
(because measles) virus / pathogen lives inside cells
allow antibiotics do not work inside cells or killing virus / pathogen would kill / damage cell
1
(ii)     (bacteria / pathogens) develop resistance (to antibiotic)
ignore reference to immunity
ignore viruses develop resistance
1
[11]